Evaluation of Phytochemicals, Proximate, Minerals and Anti-nutritional composition of Yam peel, Maize chaff and Bean coat

Abstract

Yam peel, maize chaff and bean coat were analyzed for their phytochemicals, proximate, mineral and antinutritional composition using standard procedures and methods. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of Alkaloids, Tannins, flavonoids, saponins glycoside and steroids in all the three samples analysed. Anthraquinones were absent in yam peel but present in maize chaff and bean coat, while phlobatannins where detected only in beans coat sample. Quantification of the phytochemicals and antinutritional content (in g/100g) showed yam peel, maize chaff and been coat to contain alkaloids concentration of 0.03+0.01, 0.07+0.01 and 0.09+0.00; tannin concentration of 8.19+0.01, 8.51+0.65 and 9.20+0.02; Oxalate concentration of 0.028+0.01, 0.06+0.01, 0.01+0.03;Phytate concentration; 0.36+0.00, 0.34+0.4, 0.08+0.00 and cyanide concentration of 1.06+0.01, 1.35+0.03, 1.41+0.04, respectively. Analysis of mineral composition (in mg/100g) showed that the yam peel contained 99.5+0.14 Na, 137.0+0.88 K, 68.5+0.70 Fe, and 45.5+0.23 Ca. Bean coat contained (in mg/100g) 106.5+0.71 Na 68.5+0.62 K, 19.9+0.09 Fe, and 154.0+0.63 Ca. Maize chaff contain 110.5+0.16 Na, 61.0+0.91 K, 7.0+0.11 Fe, and 14.0+0.91 Ca. Proximate analysis revealed that fiber, carbohydrate ash and moisture content occurred in appreciable amounts in all the three samples while lipid and protein contents of the 3 samples were low. The highest fiber content was detected in yam peel (41.0+0.9%) followed by bean coat (26.0+0.8%) and the least was maize chaff with fiber content of 20.0+0.6. The highest carbohydrate content was recorded for maize chaff (57.90+0.7%) followed by bean coat (45.5+0.4%) and then yam peel (32.49+0.5%). The moisture content occurred in the order of yam peel (11.75+0.03), bean coat (11.5+0.02%), and maize chaff (5.50+0.46%). The ash content in the order of yam peel (10.0+0.1%), bean coat (9.0+0.02%) and maize chaff (6.2+0.27%). It was concluded that Yam peel, maize chaff and bean coat could play a significant nutritional role in human and livestock health.